Research notes.
Contract Research R&D Credit: 65%, 70% or 100%?
How the R&D credit treats contract research in the US (65%), Germany (70%), France and Spain, who claims it, and why the contractor's location decides.
Contract Research and Development Organization Types
A contract research and development organization is not always a pharma CRO. Compare CROs, CDMOs, RTOs, universities and independent R&D firms.
Waste Gasification Control Strategy: From an Operator to a Learned Model
An operator, a PID loop on air, a soft sensor for tar, MPC or a model that learns the feedstock: how to choose a waste gasification control strategy, with the measured numbers behind each rung.
Edge AI Deployment Strategies: Cloud, Gateway or Machine
Edge AI deployment strategies for models that act on a live process: what runs at the machine, the gateway or the cloud, and how to decide.
Digital Twin for Process Control: How Good Is Good Enough?
A digital twin for process control can check code, tune loops, predict inside MPC or gate setpoints. What fidelity each job needs before you trust it.
Bioreactor Control System: The Full Stack, Layer by Layer
What a bioreactor control system is made of: sensors, regulatory loops, supervisory control, data plane and learned control, plus a spec checklist.
AI for Industrial Process Control: What Must Be True First
AI for industrial process control comes in four authority levels, from prediction to moving an actuator. What each needs before a plant should trust it.
What Is Contract Research? Three Meanings, One Test
What is contract research? The pharma CRO, the university research contract and the independent R&D contractor compared: scope, IP and publication.
Difference Between R&D and Engineering: Where the Line Falls
The difference between R&D and engineering is uncertainty, not job title. Where the UK, OECD and German BSFZ draw the line, and how to document it.
Edge AI Deployment Pipeline: Model to Certified Controller
An edge AI deployment pipeline for models that act on a live process: budget, runtime, conversion, measurement, packaging, validation and rollback.
Post Training Quantization vs Quantization Aware Training
Post training quantization vs quantization aware training: what each changes, what the measured gaps look like on edge hardware, and when QAT pays.
Bioreactor Control Strategy: Open Loop to Learned Models
Open loop, cascade, MPC or a model that learns the growth curve: how to choose a bioreactor control strategy, with measured numbers from real deployments.
Zero Shot Sim to Real Transfer: When to Skip Calibration
Zero shot sim to real transfer means deploying a simulation-trained controller with no real data. Four conditions decide when that claim is defensible.
Neural Differential Equations for System Identification
Neural ordinary differential equations for nonlinear system identification: far lower open loop error than state space models, paid for in inference time.
Domain Randomization for Sim to Real on a Slow Process
How domain randomization for sim to real transfer works outside robotics: which factors to randomise on a slow process, and where the ranges come from.
AI in Chemical Process Control: Four Layers, Four Bars
AI in chemical process control sits at four layers, from soft sensing to the valve. Each has its own evidence bar. The results, sorted by layer.
Reinforcement Learning vs MPC for Process Control
Reinforcement learning vs MPC for process control: the published results only look contradictory until you sort them by regime. Which one is yours.
Control Barrier Function vs Model Predictive Control
Control barrier function vs model predictive control: what each guarantees, the failure each owns, what each costs per step, and when to layer them.
Control Barrier Function Safety Filter: How To Install One
A control barrier function safety filter wraps a policy you already have. Which filter family to install, the one tuning parameter, and the time budget.
Control Barrier Function Explained: The Safety Filter
Control barrier functions explained: what h(x) and the safe set mean, why the CBF quadratic program filters a controller in real time, and what it costs.
Sim to Real Transfer on a Live Process, Not a Robot
Sim to real transfer outside robotics: what the reality gap means on a slow, partly observed plant, and why randomisation alone does not close it.
Safe RL With Control Barrier Functions: What Breaks
Safe reinforcement learning with control barrier functions: what the guarantee actually promises, and the four assumptions that fail on a real plant.
Safe Reinforcement Learning for Industrial Process Control
Safe reinforcement learning for industrial process control: the five things that have to be proven before a learned policy is allowed to move a valve.
Neural Controlled Differential Equations for Irregular Data
Neural controlled differential equations for irregular time series, judged as a control problem: the mechanism, the benchmarks, and what breaks online.
German R&D Tax Credit for Contract Research: 70% Rule
The German R&D tax credit covers 70% of a contract research fee, only the client may claim it, and the contractor must be seated in the EEA. How it works.
Model Compression for Edge AI: Meet the Latency Budget
Edge AI model compression judged on measured wall clock, not FLOPs: the ordered prune, quantize, distil pipeline, and what a control deadline changes.
Contract Research and Development Services: A Buyer Guide
Contract research and development services outside pharma: what you receive, how a programme is priced under uncertainty, and how to evaluate a partner.
What Is Contract Research and Development? How It Works
Contract research and development explained: the definition beyond pharma, how a programme is scoped, who owns the foreground IP, and who claims relief.
Knowledge Distillation vs Quantization: How to Choose
Quantization changes the numbers, distillation changes the model. What the measured edge comparisons say, and how to pick under a real latency budget.